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Water (the Universal Solvent) A Brief Introduction To Water Treatment Chemistry

MAXWELL ADDITIVES PVT. LTD.
(Since 1988)

(AN ISO 9001:2008 COMPANY)
E-94, SARDAR INDUSTERIAL ESTATE, ROAD N0. 2
AJWA ROAD, VADODARA-390019
Gujarat, INDIA

Phone: +91-265-2513595 / +91-265-2513596
e-mail: marketing@maxwelladditives.com
web: www.maxwelladditives.com

Registered brands

OLKLIN® - POLYMAN® – PHOSPHOMAN® – DEBAC® – KLINMAN® - SUJAL®

MANUFACTURERS OF WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS @ BOILERS, COOLING TOWERS, & RO (MEMBRANE) SYSTEMS POLYMERS, PHOSPHONATES & CORROSION INHIBITORS, BKC-50 & 80%, OIL-GAS-REFINERY CHEMICALS, HOUSEHOLD / I & I CLEANERS

    General Idea Of Water Treatment

  •   Water (industrial - Requirement & Uses)
  •   Water -caused Problems
  •   External Water Treatment Processes
  •   Internal Water Treatment Processes
  •   What Is Scale
  •   How And Why It Occurs
  •   Types Of Scale
  •   Scale Inhibitors
  •   Scale Removers
  •   Losses Due To Scale In Heating / Cooling Surfaces
  •   Direct / Indirect Losses Due To Improper Descaling Agent / Descaling
  •   What Is Biological Growth
  •   How And Why It Occurs
  •   Types Of Biological Growth
  •   Aigicides
  •   What Is Corrosion
  •   How And Why It Occurs
  •   Types Of Corrosion
  •   Corrosion Inhibitors / Oxygen Scavenger

Water (industrial - Requirement & Uses):

In addition to the water required for drinking and sanitary use by employees and for fire protection, most industrial establishments require larger amount of water for cooling, boiler feed and process use.

    Thus,
  1. Cooling is the largest industrial use for water.
  2. Process water is the second largest industrial use and
  3. Boiler feed is the third largest industrial use of water.

Water Quality:

The general quality criteria for waters are that they should neither permit the formation of deposits, which reduce heat transfer or increase resistance to the flow of water, nor permit significant deterioration of the materials of construction (pipe, valves etc.) in the system.

But, (in contrast to the expected quality of water), due to the variance in water resources (water supplying source), water quality varies and causes unavoidable frequent production problems.

Water - Caused Problems:

Water-caused problems in industry affect production costs and cause unscheduled shutdowns, which ultimately results in extremely costly loss of production, men-hours, material etc. Water - caused problems may reduce heat transfer, reduce water flow, cause premature equipment deterioration or failure, and reduce product quality or yield.

Reduced heat transfer develops from the formation of deposits [scale] on cooling or heating surfaces and results in increased energy cost, reduced output, or both.

Reduced water flow results from the same types of deposits but usually in larger accumulations and at location other than heat-transfer surfaces.

Premature equipment deterioration or failure may be caused by contact with the waters used in industrial system.

Corrosion of metallic equipment and components is the most common problem, but nonmetallic materials like wood, concrete, plastics and asbestos cement also deteriorate as a result of contact with industrial water equipment deterioration may also be caused by erosion or abrasion by solids suspended in the water; equipment may fail catastrophically as a result of water-caused problems as when, formation of an insulating scale caused boiler tubes to overheat and blow out. Reduction of product quality can be caused by impurities present in the water entering a system or by those which develop as a result of corrosion, bacterial growth etc.

These all above mentioned problems are created by the formation of scale (Deposits), corrosion or living system (Algae, Fungi or Bacterial) growth, which requires special attention -treatment, which involves:

(A) External water treatment processes and (B) Internal water treatment processes

(A) External Water Treatment Processes:

In this process, water is passed through treatment equipment, in which some desired change in water composition is produced either by physical or chemical means. External treatment processes are selected for the removal from water of specific impurities or classes of impurities, for example, suspended and colloidal solids, dissolved solids, or dissolved gases.

(B) Internal Water Treatment Processes:

In this process, chemicals are added to water in order to produce a desirable change in the water composition or to minimize an undesirable effect. More often, internal treatments are not selected for bringing about a specific change in water composition, but for minimizing such water-caused problems as deposit or scale formation, corrosion, or the accumulation of algae or biological slimes.

Thus, in contrast to external treatment, most internal water-treatment processes are directed toward modification of the water quality within a system in order to minimize deposit formation, corrosion and biological growth rather than toward the reduction or removal of constituents that cause these problems.

Internal treatment formulations usually include (1) chemicals for deposit (scale inhibitors-scale removers) and (2) chemicals for corrosion control (corrosion inhibitors) and these chemicals must be compatible with those added for biological control when this is required that is (3) algaecide-bactericide.

What Is Scale:

Scale (also known as deposits) is a natural deposition of minerals present in most of all industrial waters, generally in the form of Calcium, Magnesium, Strontium, Silica etc.

Thus, the definition of scale refers to the deposition of mineral solids on the machine, pipes etc. circulating industrial water, which consists dissolved solids (minerals).

How And Why Scale Occurs:

Here again, nature comes in to create our problem - that is - tendency of minerals to return to its natural state, which is thermodynamically more stable (refer how and why corrosion occurs). Dense coatings of predominantly inorganic minerals (Ca, Mg, Sr, Si etc) on the heat exchanging surfaces are known as scale formation. This occurs by electro chemical processes taking place under the operational conditions of the system. Normally, this leads to untimely shutdown for maintenance or replacement of the equipment that is very dear to the industry.

Types Of Scale:

Traditionally, there are mainly two types of scale:

a. Soft Scale: It occurs mainly due to the deposition of Calcium and Magnesium. It is generally very common of occurring this type of deposition (scale). And it is comparatively easy to remove.

b. Hard Scale: It occurs due to the deposition of Silica and Strontium with Calcium and Magnesium. This type of scale is very hard to remove and requires special attention.

Scale Innibitors / Antiscalents:

Internal treatment for deposit control is accomplished by means of a variety of chemical additives, which act as precipitants, chelating agents, dispersants and scale inhibitors. Precipitants and chelating agents are used usually with dispersants in cooling; and process water deposits (Scale) are mainly controlled with dispersants and scale inhibitors.

Scale Removers / Descaling Agents / Descalents / Scale Cleaners:

Due to the lower quality of chemicals used in treating industrial waters, scale formation takes place. Scale is a silent killer to the industrial growth. It directly affects the plant, equipment, operation and profitability of the company.

Losses Due To Scale In Heating / Cooling Surfaces:

Water Treatment chemicals, Boiler Water Chemicals, Cooling Water Chemicals, RO Treatment Chemicals, Effluent Treatment Plant, Cooling Water System, RO chemicals, Boiler Water Treatment

Before adopting new treatment or chemicals one has to clean the heating surfaces by selecting proper descaling agents from experienced manufacturer.

Direct / Indirect Losses Due To Improper Descaling Agent / Descaling:

  1. Metal loss due to poor inhibitors.
  2. Corrosion of equipments.
  3. Uneven or incomplete scale removal.
  4. Accidents.
  5. Non-removal of scale in inaccessible passage bends and corners.
  6. Loss of production even after descaling due to poor descalent.

What Is Biological Growth:

The Biological growth is nothing but development of various types of algae, bacteria & fungi on the wall at the cooling tower etc. Biological growth in the cooling systems is unsightly, a safety hazard to working peoples in the industry. It can cause slipperiness, development of odors, cloudy and discolored water, chloramine formation, hazardous bacterial grow1h and stubborn stains. It also minimizes the flow rate of water and cooling effect.

How And Why Biological Growth Occurs:

Biological substances, in the form of seeds, bugs etc., are universally present in the atmosphere and so present in water also. These substances when comes in contact with favorable circumstances grow rapidly, and affects badly to the human being as well as company's economy.

Types Of Biological Growth (Algae):

The three types of algae commonly formed are the fast - growing green algae, slow growing blue - green algae (Some times called black algae), and mustard or yellow algae. The first type is relatively easy to control because it remains suspended in the water; the letter two are more resistant to treatment because they grow on the wall where they become firmly attached by penetrating cracks, crevices and tile grouting. As with bacteria, studies have shown that algae (Particularly mustard algae) are more difficult to control.

Biological Growth Inhibitors: (Biocides / Algaecides)

Biological growths are usually controlled in industrial water systems by treatment of the water with oxidizing or non-oxidizing biocides, although several mechanical procedures are used, particularly for cooling-water systems like automated, direct cleaning, discontinuance of water flow, raises the water temperatures high enough to kill organisms etc. Although, microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and algae are the most widespread causes of biological problems.

Most commercially formulated products include several microbicides combined with dispersants and surfactant, which aid in breaking up accumulations of slimes or algae. In contrast to chemicals used for deposit or corrosion control, microbicides, particularly the non-oxidizing type, are added intermittently to minimize the tendency of organisms to become resistant to the chemical

What Is Corrosion:

Corrosion is the natural degradation of materials in the environment through electro-chemical or chemical reaction. Traditionally, the definition of corrosion refers to the degradation of metals and has not included the degradation of nonmetals such as wood or plastics.

How And Why Corrosion Occurs:

Ores are mined and are then refined to produce pure metals. Corrosion occurs because of the tendency of these refined pure metals to return to a more thermodynamically stable state. That means in the presence of oxygen and water the oxides of most metals are more thermodynamically stable than the elemental from of the metal. Therefore, there is always a thermodynamic driving force for corrosion of metals. The key reaction in corrosion is the oxidation of the metal to produce metal ions and electrons.

Water Treatment chemicals, Boiler Water Chemicals, Cooling Water Chemicals, RO Treatment Chemicals, Effluent Treatment Plant, Cooling Water System, RO chemicals, Boiler Water Treatment

Types Of Corrosion:

The most common from of corrosion is uniform corrosion, in which the entire metal surface degrades at a near uniform rate.

An especially insidious type of corrosion is localized corrosion, which occurs at distinct sites on the surface of a metal.

Another type of corrosion is dealloying which has also been called parting or selective leaching. Corrosion may also appear in the form of intergranular attack.

Corrosion also occurs as a result of the conjoint action of physical processes and chemical or electrochemical reaction. Galvanic corrosion occurs as a result of the electrical contact of different metals in an aggressive environment.

Microbiologically influenced corrosion results from the interaction between microorganisms and a metal.

To control these types of corrosion one has to adopt following one or more techniques: chemical reduction of dissolved oxygen, pH adjustment, protective film formation with corrosion inhibitors, and dispersion of suspended solids.

Corrosion Inhibitors & Oxygen Scavengers:

Corrosion inhibitors are substances, which slow down or prevent corrosion when added to an environment in which a metal usually corrodes. Corrosion inhibitors are usually added to a system in small amounts. The effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors is partly dependent on the metals or alloys to be protected as well as the severity of the environment.

Oxygen scavengers are used to prevent corrosion occurred by dissolved oxygen in water. Basically, oxygen scavengers have deficiency of oxygen atom, which it fulfills by reacting with dissolved oxygen present in water and thus nullify the adverse effect of dissolved oxygen and thereby prevents corrosion.

For more details, please write to us on marketing@maxwelladditives.com or visit our website www.maxwelladditives.com

Registered brands

OLKLIN® - POLYMAN® – PHOSPHOMAN® – DEBAC® – KLINMAN® - SUJAL®

This Article is a General Idea of the Product and Its Related Fields to Let Aware the Concern Person About Product. We Do Not Claim Anything Mentioned in the Article / Paper. No Liability Would Be Accepted for the Consequences Arising From Using It in Full or Part.

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Water Treatment chemicals, Boiler Water Chemicals, Cooling Water Chemicals, RO Treatment Chemicals, Effluent Treatment Plant, Cooling Water System, RO chemicals, Boiler Water Treatment

  • Category :Water Treatment Chemicals
  • Client :MAXWELL ADDITIVES PVT.LTD
  • Date :21th June, 2023
  • Link :maxwelladditives.com
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